Imperial Units The frictional losses are given by L is the pipe length in metres, Le is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings in metres, Q is the (volumetric) fluid flow rate in l/min, D is the pipe diameter in mm, C is the Hazen-Williams constant (or C-factor) for the pipe.
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 4 OF 48 SI Units The frictional losses are given byĦ.05 × 105 ( L + Le )Q1.85 = C 1.85 D 4.87 The Hazen-Williams Equation is an empirical formula that gives an explicit expression for the frictional pressure loss. However, by default, the roughness or C-factor of each pipe will be determined by the pipe type of a particular pipe. It should be noted that, for maximum flexibility, the user is allowed to override the roughness or C-factor value of the pipe type when entering the individual pipe data. 0.27 r 1.252 1 = −1.768 ln + D f Re f Ģ.1.2 Friction Pressure Losses - Hazen-Williams Method With this method, the pipe C-factor is used in the calculations, and so the C-factor must be supplied. The friction factor is represented in PIPENET VISION by the following empirical formulae (in which r is the surface roughness of the pipe). The standard values for f can be obtained from a graphical representation known as the Moody Diagram. PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 3 OF 48 The Fanning friction factor depends on the relative roughness of the pipe (i.e., pipe roughness divided by pipe diameter) and the Reynolds Number, Re, which is defined as Where D is the internal diameter of the pipe, L is the pipe length, Le is the equivalent length of any pipe fittings, f is the Fanning friction factor, u is the fluid velocity, ρ is the fluid density.
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Based on the work of the French engineer Henri Darcy (1803–58) the following equation is obtained. The pressure drop due to friction effects can be found by comparing the theoretical results from the Bernoulli Equation with results obtained in experiments.
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Full details of the equations that are used to calculate these pressure losses are described below.Ģ.1.1 Friction Pressure Losses – Darcy Pfric is determined using the Bernoulli Equation, which is a theoretical equation that gives the pressure in pipes, ignoring frictional effects. P = Pfric + Pelev + Pplat where Pfric is the pressure loss due to friction and fittings, Pelev is the pressure loss due to elevation change, Pplat is the pressure loss due to any orifice plate fitted.
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PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 2 OF 48 The pressure loss, P, in a pipe is described as In this document, the main concepts and features that are specific to the Spray/Sprinkler Module are described.
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Most of the concepts and capabilities introduced in “Chapter 1 – User Interface of PIPENET VISION” are relevant to this module and should be read prior to reading the training manuals for this module. In the suite of training manuals for the PIPENET VISION Spray/Sprinkler Module, Chapters 2 and 3 are the core of the training course, whereas Chapters 1 and 4 provide useful reading material. One of the differences between the Spray/Sprinkler Module and the other modules of PIPENET VISION is that, with the Spray/Sprinkler Module, it is not possible to enter a network until either (a) a Sunrise Data File (“*.SDF”) has been entered and saved or (b) an existing Sunrise Data File is opened. The Spray/Sprinkler Module complies with the NFPA rules, which are the universal rules governing the design of fire protection systems in the process plant industry, as far as hydraulic calculations are concerned. The Spray/Sprinkler Module is a steady-state modelling program for designing systems, with the objective being to ensure that the sizes of pumps, pipes, nozzles, etc. Where necessary, PIPENET VISION can be used to size orifice plates in order to balance or reduce the flow rates.
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The objective is to ensure that pipes, pumps, hydrants, nozzles and other items perform satisfactorily. With PIPENET VISION, it is simple and fast to perform these calculations. For these systems, it is usually necessary to perform calculations under several scenarios, such as different fire scenarios and different pump scenarios. Such systems are characterised by complex firewater ringmains, deluge systems, sprinkler systems, foam injection systems, etc. The Spray/Sprinkler Module of PIPENET VISION was specifically developed for the type of fire protection systems that are used in process plants and similar plants, such as refineries, petrochemical plants, offshore plants, and terminals. PIPENET VISION SPRAY/SPRINKLER MODULE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BASIC PRINCIPLES PIPENET VISION TRAINING MANUAL PAGE 1 OF 48